Common Surgical Diseases in Children

Major diseases requiring surgical evaluation / treatment in children have been listed below. In addition, some complex diseases containing more than one region or tissue/organ should also be considered in pediatric surgical practise.

Head and Neck

  • Cystic lymphangioma
  • Torticollis
  • Nodules in the thyroid gland
  • Lymph node enlargement

Chest

  • Esophageal stricture / absence
  • Diseases of the trachea
  • Infections of the pleura (empyema)
  • Lung cysts / tumors

Abdomen (Tummy)

  • Umbilical hernia
  • Inguinal hernia
  • Gastric cysts / tumors
  • Intestinal obstructions (necrotizing enterocolitis, intestinal atresias, intussusception, Hirschsprung’s disease, etc.)
  • Intestinal cysts / tumors
  • Appendicitis
  • Liver cysts / tumors
  • Gall bladder diseases (infection, stones)
  • Bile duct obstruction
  • Pancreatic cysts / tumors
  • Splenic cysts / tumors
  • Hydronephrosis
  • Vesicoureteral Reflux
  • Ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction
  • Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction
  • Renal cysts / tumors
  • Ovarian cysts / tumors

Genital

  • Hydrocele
  • Varicocele
  • Undescended testicle
  • Testicular cysts / tumors
  • Hypospadias / epispadias
  • Diseases of the vagina
  • Disorders of sex development

Anal

  • Anal / perianal fissure
  • Anal / perianal fistula
  • Anal stenosis
  • Closed anus (anal atresia)